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All About DNA Testing

WHAT IS DNA ZYGOSITY TESTING?
DNA zygosity testing is one method used to test whether multiples are identical (monozygotic) or fraternal (dizygotic). DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is material by which inherited traits, for example, eye colour, are passed from one generation to another. Fragments of DNA are examined which are very different in different individuals. The chance of two identicals sharing the same pattern of fragments is remote. However, identical twins share the same pattern. The test is commonly done in either a blood sample or placenta sample. Other tissues can be used as well - for example, cheek swab samples collected by parents or older twins themselves. Cheek swab test cannot be used for medical purposes because the samples are not collected in a laboratory setting.

WHO WOULD BE ELIGIBLE FOR DNA ZYGOSITY TESTING?
DNA zygosity testing is available to any set of multiples whose zygosity is in question. Even today, many parents are told their multiples are fraternal based solely on the fact that two placentas were present at birth. This simply is not true. One-third of identical twins also have two placentas. Many parents report they believe their multiples are "identical" despite what the doctor told them. The most common scenario for DNA testing is the family who has been told their multiples are fraternal (based on the presence of two placentas), yet the multiples are similar looking, and many family members and friends have difficulty telling the multiples apart. Another common story is when the zygosity is "inconclusive."

WHY SHOULD WE HAVE OUR MULTIPLES DNA TESTED?
DNA testing is 99.9% accurate. If the zygosity is in question, this is the most accurate method to determine whether multiples are fraternal or identical. Parents report that having conclusive answers has helped them with social issues, educational issues, and even medical issues concerning multiple birth children.

MY DOCTOR SAYS IT ISN'T NECESSARY AND FAR TOO EXPENSIVE
Twins, Triplets & More Association of Calgary believes every multiple birth parent and multiple birth child has the right to know his or her zygosity. Families have the right to know and the right to ask for the test. DNA zygosity testing is not covered by provincial healthcare programs and is normally extremely expensive (reports range from $500 - $800 for the test).


Twins, Triplets & More Association of Calgary's fingerprinting testing is available at a $100 charge for blood or placenta testing and $180 for cheek swab testing. Additional costs will be incurred for shipping of the blood and perhaps the drawing of the blood.

HOW OLD DO MY CHILDREN HAVE TO BE FOR DNA TESTING?
Blood testing and cheek swab testing can be done at any age. Placental samples preserved as paraffin blocks, if available, can be used for young children.

BUT MY CHILDREN DON'T LOOK EXACTLY ALIKE!
Many people still believe that "identical" or monozygotic multiples must look exactly alike. This is not true. Many factors influence the growth of babies. If you have not had conclusive answers to your multiples zygosity, the DNA fingerprinting is for you.

WHAT DO I NEED TO DO TO GET THE DNA TEST DONE?
Blood Sample:
A general requisition from your family physician requesting multiple-birth zygosity testing.
    1.  From each multiple older than three years of age, one 5ml EDTA lavender-topped blood sample.
    2.  From each multiple younger than three years of age, one 3ml EDTA lavender-topped blood samples.

The blood sample(s) should be sent by courier to Dr. Bamforth, to arrive within three days of collection. It is best to avoid collecting samples on a Thursday or Friday. Please enclose the information sheet with the sample.

Placental Paraffin Block Sample:
    1.  Contact pathology department at the hospital you delivered your multiples at and request that a placenta tissue or placenta paraffin block sample be sent by courier to Dr. Bamforth.
     OR:
    2.  have your family physician send a requisition to the hospital's pathology department where your multiples were born, requesting placenta tissue or placenta paraffin block sample be sent by courier to Dr. Bamforth. (Courier charges may be incurred from the hospital).
    3.  Please send the information sheet to Dr. Bamforth and indicate that the paraffin blocks will be sent from the hospital.

Cheek Swab Sample:
    1.  Contact Dr Bamforth for a collection kit which contains instructions on how to collect the samples (it is painless and involves gently scraping the inside of the cheek). This will be sent to you by mail.
    2.  After collecting the sample, return by Express Post as soon as possible.

Dr. Fiona Bamforth, Medical Biochemist
Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology Fax: 780-407-3763
University of Alberta Hospitals
8440 - 112 Street
Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2B7

Telephone:  780-407-7379
Fax:  780-407-3763
Email Address:  fiona.bamforth@ualberta.ca


Congratulations! You’ve just received the astonishing news that you are carrying more than one baby. Now what?

First take care of your body and the little ones growing within you . . . and begin to make practical plans. You may not have the luxury of taking nine months to get prepared, either because of complications leading to bed rest or from the premature births of your multiples. Get the work done early and if you do have a full-term pregnancy, you'll be that much more rested before your babies arrive.

Begin reading and researching what you’ll need, both for equipment and supplies and for support.

The best place to start is with your local parents of multiples group, Twins, Triplets & More Association of Calgary. For more information on our society, click here . To contact us, click here or call 274-8703. You'll find support from parents who have "been there, done that." We will share what worked for our families and what did not, encourage you and welcome you into the world of multiples. Check out our Bi-Annual Sales of Children's Used Clothing, Equipment and Toys where you can stock up on items at great prices.

Baby Basics
Click the links below to help you with the beginning baby basics:

Layette
  • Onesies, 6-8 per baby
  • T-shirts, 3-4 per baby
  • One-piece outfits or two-piece knit outfits, 5 per baby
  • Sleepers or knit gowns, 5 per baby
  • Blanket sleepers or sleep sacks, 2-4 per baby for cold weather babies
  • Homecoming outfits, 1 per baby
  • Small bibs, 4-6 per baby
  • Sweaters, 2 per baby
  • Hats, 2-4 per baby
  • Booties or socks, 3-6 pairs per baby
  • Snowsuit or bunting, 1 per baby
  • Receiving blankets, 4-6 per baby
  • Blankets, 2 per baby
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Supplies: Diapering
  • Cloth diapers (home laundry), 6 dozen
  • Cloth diaper service or disposable diapers, 70-90 per baby per week (note: number of diapers used decreases as babies grow)
  • Plastic pants (pins also) or diaper covers for cloth diapers, 6-8 per baby
  • Large diaper bag
  • Small diaper bag (for quick trips)
  • Diaper pail and liners
  • Wipes
  • Rash crème or ointment
  • Portable changing pads, 1 per diaper bag
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Supplies: Bedding
  • Sheets, 4 per crib
  • Waterproof mattress cover, 1 per crib
  • Mattress pads, 2 per crib
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Supplies: Feeding
  • Nursing or feeding pillow
  • Burp cloths
  • Lap pads, 4-6 per baby
   IF Bottle Feeding
  • Bottles, 6-12 per baby
  • Blender for mixing large batches of formula
  • Formula
   IF Breastfeeding
  • Breast pad
  • Blreast pump
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Supplies: Bathing
  • Bath tub
  • Baby shampoo
  • Body wash
  • Baby lotion
  • Hooded bath towels, 2-3 per baby
  • Washcloths, 2-3 per baby
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Supplies: Grooming and Medical
  • Baby nail clippers
  • Comb and brush
  • Baby laundry detergent
  • Digital thermometer
  • Bulb syringe
  • Medicine dropper
  • Liquid acetaminophen
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Nursery Furnishings
  • Cribs, 1-2 (can share for the first 3-5 months since multiples often find comfort sleeping together)
  • Change table, 1 or more (rimmed tables are safest; change stations on each level of the home help; some parents prefer the floor and a changing pad)
  • Dresser
  • Rocker
  • Clothes hamper
  • Baby monitor
  • Flashlight or night light
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Equipment and Miscellaneous Items
  • Infant or convertible car seats, 1 per baby
  • Bouncer seats, 1 per baby
  • Swings, 1 or more (essential for some babies and not for others)
  • Stroller
  • Headset and/or cordless phone
  • Sling or soft baby carrier, 1 or more
  • Head supports, 1 per baby
  • Pacifiers, several!
  • Notepad and pen (for notes on schedules, nursing times, wet diapers, etc.)
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Decisions: Bottle and/or Breast Feeding
Breast versus bottle—it's not a contest but a personal decision.

    Breastfeeding:
  • Eliminates formula costs and preparation time
  • Rest and proper nutrition are vital to keeping milk supply up
  • Some women alternate breasts between each baby while others "assign" each baby a breast
    Bottle Feeding:
  • Family members can help feed babies
  • Gives Mom more freedom
  • Is costly
Many parents of multiples opt for a combination of breast and bottle. The key is to find WHATEVER WORKS FOR YOU! TTMAC offers both bottle feeding and breastfeeding support!

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Decisions: Diapering
You can choose between buying disposables, using a cloth diaper service, laundering cloth diapers at home or a combination. Some parents prefer the soft, cottony feel of cloth diapers for their babies, while other prefer the convenience of disposables. Once again, the choice is yours!

    Disposable:
  • Cost the most
  • Babies remain dryer so fewer diaper changes required
  • Can have delivered
    Cloth Diaper Service:
  • More frequent changes but keeps babies cleaner
  • Delivered to your home
  • No rinsing required
  • Dirty diapers picked-up
  • Volume discount for large quantities
    Laundering Cloth Diapers:
  • More frequent changes but keeps babies cleaner
  • Least expensive option
  • Requires more time
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Decisions: Strollers
What kind of stroller you'll need depends a lot upon how you plan to use it. Strollers generally fall into three categories: tandem/inline, side-by-side and jogging, each with its advantages and disadvantages.

   Tandem/inline:
  • Designed as back to front, face to face or convertible
  • Good for navigating narrow spaces
  • Some can be used as double travel systems
  • Often long and heavy
  • Not all seats may recline the whole way
  • Leg room can be cramped
  • Not all views the same for the children
  Side-by-side:
  • Designed as umbrella or complete strollers
  • Very easy to push
  • Children both have good view
  • Seats may be narrow
  • Some are difficult to maneuver through doorways
  • Often for babies six months and older only
  Jogging:
  • Designed mostly as wide side-by-sides, although a few in-lines exist
  • Made for vigorous exercise and off-road travel
  • Not all appropriate for indoor use
  • Often for babies six months and older only
Look for a strong, well-made strolleróparents often keep multiples in strollers longer than singletons because of safety issues. Check out ease of use, wheels, safety straps, brakes, balance, padding, back support, the view each child has, legroom and storage space. Find out about the availability of replacement parts. Also consider whether or not the stroller will fit in your vehicle without a roof rack and how easy it is to load and unload it.

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Self-Care
Your arrival home with your new family is an exciting event but remember you also need rest—try to keep visiting to a minimum. Don't forget to take time for yourself and your parenting partner and to communicate your needs to others. Now is not the time to be shy about asking for what you need. Despite all your joyful feelings, you will be especially tired during those early months as you adjust to the demands of living with multiple newborns. Change and fatigue can fuel blue days when you feel lonely, isolated or inadequate. We understand because we've been there, too. Please call us if you have any concerns: 274-8703.

Make sure to include the following to make your life easier:
  • Pre-cooked freezer meals
  • Schedules
  • Sense of humor
  • Help from others
  • Company of other parents of multiples

Just remember: parents who are reasonably well rested—and flexible about their changing lifestyle—will feel better about both themselves and their multiples!

Note: Portions of this page previously appeared in TWINS Magazine; permission for use granted by author.
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DNA Testing
Baby Basics

Tuesday March 16th, 2010
Parenting Power
Parenting Power: Sleep, there is more than one solution!Sleep deprivation impacts every part of your day. This course finds helpful solutions that will work for your child and put everyone's sleeping habits back on track. Presented by Parenting Power Founders, Gail Bell and Julie Freedman Smith.Location: Deerfoot Meadows Superstore (100, 20 Heritage Meadows Drive SE) Community RoomTime: 7:30-9pmCost is per member and per non member. Payment is taken at the door.Register parentingworkshopscoordinator@ttmac.org Space is limited and refreshments are provided.
Go to events section

Bi-Annual Sale of Children's Used Clothing, Equipment, and Toys.
The Spring and Fall sales feature thousands of gently used items for sale and provides an opportunity for members to recycle things their children have out-grown.
Learn more about the sale

Download the membership application form
Register OnlineYou can apply for membership by downloading the membership form or by filling out the online registration form.
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